1- Introduction: The engraved remains on stony parapets of cultural heritage of this country show rich civilization of Iran that protection and reparation of them is a duty of scientific teams with cooperation of related specialist. Geomorphology, geology and geophysics are including of this science.Bistoon inscription is located on long wall (famous broken part) of broken zagros on rough part which is called same name. Broken part, fissure, and thick lime of previous region (Paleoclime) pave way for DESTRUCTION of engrave figure, which leads to solving process and to make solving holes. This study has been done with the following tools: GPS, topography maps and satellite images.

Preservation, restoration and development of natural resources makes the necessity of forest roads construction undeniable; however, their potential impacts approve the importance of standard compliance and also continuous maintenance of forest roads. The aim of the study was to evaluate the standards of forest road and drainage of the district 4 of Shenrood basin in Guilan province in the northern Iran. For this purpose, the road side slope, longitudinal slope, distance between culverts, and diameters of culverts, depth, big and small base of culvert. 7250 m of the existing roads as a representative of the existing road were surveyed. Result of one sample t-test showed that the variables of side slope (with mean value of 2. 9%) and also ditch depth (with mean value of 0. 34 m) were not significantly different from the standard values; however, the other FACTORS indicated a significant difference with the standards (P>0. 05). The most failure types were the rut (39%) and the least was rocky protrusions (8. 7%). Results showed that the number of existing culverts were not sufficient and therefore could not conduct volume of water (P>0. 05). The intervals of the installed culverts was 234 m which is inappropriate based on the standards.

Pistachio trees (Pistacia) play combined roles in ecotourism, conservation of soil and water, flood control, forage production for domestic and wild animals and resin and seed production in arid and semi-arid areas. It is very important to protect this species but, in recent decades, several FACTORS have caused damaged to these trees. One of the most important FACTORS of Pistacia forest DESTRUCTION is the stripping of bark from the trunks by Hystrix indica. Knowing the FACTORS affecting the intensity of damage caused by this pest is necessary for providing proper and scientific solutions. The purpose of this study was to identifiy the most effective and important FACTORS on damage to Pistacia bark and the role of Hystrix indica in the extinction of this species in arid and semi-arid areas. After investigating a critical Pistacia forest in which tree bark has been stripped by Hystrix indica, 200 ha area of the Pistacia forest was selected in Chahar Gonbad of Sirjan. In this segment, 50 Pistacia trees were randomly selected and damage was evaluated. The least significant difference test was used to measure variation in the results. The results showed that the effect of the age of the trees on the stripping of the bark was significant at the 1% level. The DESTRUCTION of young trees was 2.5-fold greater than on older trees.

Persepolis is the name of one of the ancient cities of Iran that has been the glorious capital of the Achaemenid kingdom for many years. In this ancient city there is a palace called Persepolis, built during the reign of Darius the Great, Khashayarshah and Ardashir I and has been around for about 5 years. Persepolis, though still exposed to various natural and abnormal elements, experiences tangible and intangible erosion with all its components. It is one of the most important monuments in the world. The general background of Persepolis has been cited many times. But less is known about its degradation FACTORS, this is a fundamental research that has been done through library and field studies based on laboratory methods such as (XRD, XRF, SEM). . The results show that there is no evidence of deliberate DESTRUCTION, neither in Alexander's day nor after. The palaces were destroyed due to the weakness of the building and the large distance. These palaces were destroyed naturally and for practical reasons. At the same time, the grandeur of these palaces is likely to remain as monuments. Purpose of the article 1-Investigation of damages as well as natural FACTORS that could have caused damage to Persepolis area 2. The validity of Greek historians' claims of Alexander's invasion of Iran Article Questions 1. Have natural FACTORS influenced the DESTRUCTION of Persepolis complex? 2. Did Alexander's attack damage Persepolis complex?

Pastures which cover around 25 and 55 percent of total area of the Earth and Iran, respectively, play a significant role in supplying livestock production, food security, protecting natural ecosystem, job creation, increasing the income of villagers and nomads, amplification of underground water reservoir, flood prevention and so on. These cause pastures to be referred as a key factor for sustainable development of countries. This present descriptive-analytical research is conducted with the aim of identifying the affective FACTORS on pastures DESTRUCTION and their protection approaches. The required information for studying 60 domestic and foreign articles as well as sites and relevant reports are gathered. The results reveal that several FACTORS are involved in deterioration of pastures which can have different effects based on location and temporal conditions of various countries and regions. The most important FACTORS are the increase of number of livestock and the absence of balance between livestock and pastures, premature grazing, transforming pastures to agricultural lands, continuous grazing, fire, bush cutting, military maneuvers, road construction and construction operations, weak management FACTORS and the absence of effective dissuasive laws and regulations for pastures protections, drought, reduction of economic power and poverty of local communities, irregularities in and decrement of rainfalls, non-implementation of rangeland plans and insufficient attention to people’, s cooperation in preparation of such plans, lack of local knowledge utilization in pastures protection and decomposition of traditional and native social structures of beneficiaries. Finally, based on the findings, some solutions for pastures protection are proposed.

One of the prominent monument in the Bistoon monuments collection is a building called the Ilkhanid Inn, built on the walls of a semi-complete Sassanid palace. During the Ilkhanid era, it was converted in to Inn and after a short time, was once demolished and abandoned, one of the most Controversial issues in its historical life. During the last periods of the Islamic era, especially During the Qajar and Pahlavi periods, construction on the ruins Inn was carried out, which caused considerable damage to its main foundation and made it different to identify the demolition FACTORS. In such as approach it is necessary to study the FACTORS and causes of the demolition of this monument. therefore, the main purpose of the present study is to analyze how the building was demolished. This research attempts to used historical analytical method based on evidence and historical texts through historian’ s descriptions of historical earthquakes while carefully studying the architectural stricture of the Bistoon Ilkhanid monument which after several chapters of German and Iranian archaeological excavations, done to discuss its historical life. Now the question is raised: what was the reason for the DESTRUCTION and abandonment of the Bistoon Ilkhanid Inn? According to archaeological evidence of type of roof fall and bodies buried beneath the debris, it is assumed that the archaeological Inn was destroyed and abandoned by the earthquake. This hypothesis can be substantiated by the placement of the Bistoon in the vicinity of the Central Zagros High-Risk Fault complex and the large seismicity of it, which has historically damaged many buildings. Some historical texts also point this. This result of research indicates that due to numerous earthquakes, various era as of Kermanshah and various buildings such as the Anahi Temple at Kangavar and the Bistoon Ilkhanid Inn have been demolished and their architectural patterns deformed, so that even sometimes its population has fluctuated.

Since Judaism, as a tradition-based religion, had a strong connection with Temple, the religious and national identity of Jews was seriously endangered after the fall of the Temple. This paper examines FACTORS leading to the survival of the Judaism after the DESTRUCTION of the Second Temple. By carefully examining the historical documents and previous studies, we can identify two groups of internal and external FACTORS. Internal FACTORS include the role of Yohanan ben Zakkai, Sanhedrin council, Pharisees, and rabbinic system. Simon Bar Kokhba’, s revolt led to the consolidation of the Jews’,theological status. Moreover, the prominent role of oral traditions in the post-Second Temple period in the form of Talmud led to the survival of Judaism. External FACTORS include the exile to neighbouring lands, especially Babylon, the influence of ancient Iran’, s monotheist religions, the opposition between the Roman and Persian empires in the post-Second Temple era, bringing the Jews closer to the Parthians in enmity with Rome, and the probable role of the Parthians in provoking the Jewish revolts to distract Romans. The combination of these FACTORS provided the basis for the religious life of the Jews and the consolidation of monotheistic beliefs in the post-Second Temple era.

Abstract: This study sought to answer the question of what are the causes of marital infidelity in the Iranian family. To Answer the Research Question, Qualitative Meta-Synthesis (QMS) Method Were Used. Then, 78 Scientific Papers Which Were Considered Marital Infidelity in Iran were identified and were Analyzed. The results showed that the FACTORS of infidelity in Iran can be classified into 9 main categories, including: 1. Social FACTORS, 2. Psychological FACTORS, 3. Cultural FACTORS, 4. Family FACTORS, 5. Personal FACTORS, 6. Relational FACTORS, 7. Economic FACTORS, 8. Media FACTORS, 9. Contextual FACTORS. Each of the main Categories is divided into Different Subcategories. The Social FACTORS of infidelity were including “Infidelity Opportunities”, “Friend groups” and “Environmental Conditions”. Psychological FACTORS of Infidelity Were Including “Personality Type”, “Attachment Styles”, and their “Love Schema”. Cultural FACTORS have Pointed to “Change in Beliefs and values” and “the level of Religious Education” of people. The Family FACTORS were including “Inappropriate Marriage”, “Family Conflict” and “the Kind of Family Background of people”. The Personal FACTORS are “Sexual Dissatisfaction”, “Emotional Dissatisfaction”, “the Feeling of Loneliness”, “the Spouse Unavailability”, “Weakness in Controlling Spouse”, “Domestic Violence”, “Revenge of the Spouse” and “the Role of the Third Person in the Relationship”. The Economic FACTORS are including “the Economic Status of the person”, “the Role of Economic Problems”, “the motivation of entering into infidelity under the Pretext of Job promotion”. The media FACTORS Were Emphasized on “weakening Iranian Values through Social Media Networks and Foreign Satellite Channels” and “Producing of New Needs by Media”. Finally, the Contextual FACTORS were including the Role of “Age” and “Gender” in the Infidelity. Findings showed that Infidelity Occurred in the group of men and youth in Iran, more than other Social Groups.

Background and purpose: Native people's attack on the forests of the west of the country causes environmental crimes to be committed. Identifying the encroachment and human FACTORS of forest DESTRUCTION will provide correct management solutions to prevent and reduce the occurrence of environmental crimes. The approval and implementation of effective laws by the government and citizens' compliance with the law will reduce environmental and natural resource crimes.Methodology: In the prospective study, the economic and social FACTORS affecting the change of forest use in Kermanshah province were investigated with respect to 87 legal cases belonging to 76 villages on the outskirts of the Zagros forests during the years 2018 to 2019 using linear modeling and path analysis. According to the level and place of DESTRUCTION information available in the files, economic and social characteristics as independent variables, or causes, and the level of degraded forest as a dependent variable were investigated using Spearman's rank correlation analysis, multiple linear regression relationship, and path analysis in the form of a structural model. Due to the limited statistical population, all cases were examined without sampling. Due to the legal nature of the cases, only the destroyed surface area and the village where the DESTRUCTION took place were extracted from these cases. A descriptive report was not provided for the management information received from the economic and executive institutions of the province, and only the relationship between this information and the committed crime was investigated.Results: The correlation of variables showed an increase in the distance between the village and the city, the ratio of light livestock to the population, and the ratio of livestock to the area of agricultural land and natural resources, lack of infrastructure facilities, low non-agricultural economic activity, and a decrease in the per capita ratio of land to population. The decrease in the ratio of irrigated to rainfed agriculture and the decrease in the ratio of heavy livestock to the population has caused the increase in forest DESTRUCTION. A significant linear regression relationship was observed between the independent variables and the dependent variable, and the variables of the ratio of livestock to agricultural land, non-agricultural economic activity, infrastructure facilities, the ratio of the number of livestock to the area of natural resources, and the distance from the village to the city were entered into the model. It can be said that with the increase of non-agricultural economic activities, the ratio of livestock to the area of agricultural land has decreased and caused the reduction of forest DESTRUCTION. On the other hand, the positive indirect effect of the ratio of livestock to agricultural land through non-agricultural economic activity on forest DESTRUCTION was also observed. It seems that in formulating economic plans, environmental considerations are the main condition for protecting natural resources, and the results of this research also showed that the increase and development of non-agricultural economic activities of forest dwellers are important FACTORS in preserving forest lands in Kermanshah province. The development of infrastructure facilities in the village played an important role in reducing the conversion of forest areas to agricultural lands, and it seems that gas supply, development of the electricity network, and the expansion of amenities can play a role in reducing forest DESTRUCTION.Conclusion: Finally, according to the results obtained from the path analysis, it can be said that keeping more heavy livestock and reducing the number of light livestock will reduce the DESTRUCTION of forests in Kermanshah province. Also, the development of village infrastructure facilities and non-agricultural economic activities played an important role in reducing the DESTRUCTION of forest areas. Therefore, in order to reduce the legal cases of forest DESTRUCTION and prevent criminal behavior in this area, it is better to expand the infrastructure and increase the income of the villagers through non-agricultural economic activities and change the animal husbandry method from traditional to semi-industrial or industrial in order to see a decrease in the entry of such cases at the provincial level.